Increase fluid intake to achieve target urine output surgical procedures often required

¹ <b>ACP 2014 [WR/L].</b> Urine output emphasized rather than PO intake levels, due to insensible losses via sweat, etc. Ca++ stones are most common type; no trials assessed tx in uric acid or cystine stones. Qaseem A, et al. Dietary and Pharmacologic Management to Prevent Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. <i>Ann Intern Med.</i> 2014. Nov 4;161(9):659-667. <a href=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M13-2908>Accessed 1/25/21</a>
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² <b>AHRQ 2013 [L].</b> <i>Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Medical Strategies</i>. AHRQ Pub. No.12(13)-EHC049-3. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99762/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK99762.pdf>PDF</a>
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³ <b>AUA 2014 [S/B].</b> General fluid guidance for nephrolithiasis. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA Guideline. <a href=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006>PDF</a>
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⁴ <b>EAU 2014.</b> General fluid guidance for nephrolithiasis. Turk C, et al. <i>Guidelines on Urolithiasis</i>. European Association of Urology. <a href=http://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/22-Urolithiasis_LR.pdf>PDF</a>
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⁵ <b>ACP 2014 [L].</b> Evidence applicable primarily to calcium stones. Benefit to &darr;soft drinks was limited to pts who drank phosphoric-acid drinks (cola), not citric-acid drinks (eg, fruit-flavored soda). Qaseem A, et al. Dietary and Pharmacologic Management to Prevent Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. <i>Ann Intern Med.</i> 2014. Nov 4;161(9):659-667. <a href=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M13-2908>Accessed 1/25/21</a>
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⁶ <b>AHRQ 2013 [L].</b> Low level of evidence for cola restriction (1 study in men). <i>Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Medical Strategies.</i> AHRQ Pub. No.12(13)-EHC049-3. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99762/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK99762.pdf>PDF</a>
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⁷ <b>ACP 2014.</b> Qaseem A, et al. Dietary and Pharmacologic Management to Prevent Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. <i>Ann Intern Med.</i> 2014. Nov 4;161(9):659-667. <a href=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M13-2908>Accessed 1/25/21</a>
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⁸ <b>AUA 2014 [EO].</b> If struvite stones, monitor UCx for infxn w/ urease-producing organisms [EO]. Pearle M, et al. <i>Medical management of kidney stones: AUA Guideline.</i> <a href=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006>PDF</a>
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⁹ <b>AUA 2014 [O/B].</b> Acetohydroxamic acid’s extensive side-effect profile may limit use; monitor closely for phlebitis, hypercoagulable effects. Pearle M, et al. <i>Medical management of kidney stones: AUA Guideline</i>. <a href=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006>PDF</a>
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¹⁰ <b>EAU 2014.</b> Surgical removal evidence [3-4/A]; short- or long-term abx [3/B]; urinary acidification w/ methionine or ammonium chloride [3/B]; urease inhibitor (Acetohydroxamic acid is not available in all countries) [1b/A]. Turk C, et al. <i>Guidelines on Urolithiasis</i>. European Association of Urology. <a href=http://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/22-Urolithiasis_LR.pdf>PDF</a>
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¹¹ <b>AHRQ 2013 [I].</b> Evidence insufficient on whether acetohydroxamic acid reduces radiographic recurrence of struvite stones; evidence from 3 RCTs suggests stone growth reduction. <i>Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Medical Strategies</i>. AHRQ Pub. No.12(13)-EHC049-3. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99762/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK99762.pdf>PDF</a>
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¹² <b>AUA 2014.</b> General fluid guidance for nephrolithiasis. <i>Medical management of kidney stones: AUA Guideline.</i> <a href=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006>PDF</a>